Old School, New School

’60s Soul in the Modern Age

LICENSE TO RE-CREATE

With Magnum Opus, Levine produced a radio series a few years ago for the BBC called The Record Producers, featuring Tony Vinconti, Arif Mardin, Trevor Horn, and many others, as well as a three part series called The Third Reich and Roll about the history of magnetic tape, which, as every child surely knows, was developed by the Nazi’s as a propaganda tool. The Third Reich and Roll was presented by the British actor and media personality Stephen Fry, who in turns is friends with the founder and chairman of Audio Network, Andrew Sunnucks. Audio Network is a fast-growing library of music for film and TV, the company’s twist being that its music is originally composed and recorded, thereby bypassing any licensing issues. When Sunnucks and Levine were introduced to each other by Fry, Sunnucks asked Levine to add some licensable, ’60s-sounding content to the Audio Network library, which surprisingly – given the popularity of 1960s music – hadn’t been made before.

“Andrew was aware of my knowledge of the history of recording and of course also of my background as a producer,” said Levine. “He said to me that Audio Network, as a library music supplier, got a lot of requests for authentic-sounding sixties soul music, but that this threw up several problems. The first one is that it can be very difficult to acquire the rights to use these recordings, and that these rights often turn out to be very expensive. The other problem is that that there are a few recordings that are licensed very frequently and that consequently have a lot of associations for people. Creative directors are always on the lookout for some obscure sixties soul tracks that can bring that sixties vibe but without the baggage of a known song. Plus there are the demands of the modern film editor. So Andrew asked me whether it would be possible for me to record some new songs written in that style and sounding like they are from the sixties. The tracks would have all the advantages of library music in that they would be easy to license and use, but wouldn’t sound like library music.”

A BRAVE NEW OLD WORLD

Levine jumped at the request, which was nothing if not a wonderful opportunity to combine his production skills and his history of music know-how. “The period we were looking at was the late sixties, but I did not want to make my life too difficult,” said Levine. “So we didn’t set out to make motown recordings, or stax recordings, or atlantic recordings. we rather tried to create a world that we think may have existed, but didn’t. My aim and hope was to record a batch of songs that would sound like undiscovered gems, as if they were coming from a parallel universe. My task was to get the right songs and the right musicians and record them in the right studio with the right gear and microphones. Terry Devine-King, one of the writers at Audio Network, provided me with the songs, and we then set about finding the right musicians. I decided to record them as authentically as possible, so we went to Toe Rag Studios in East London. Its owner, Liam Watson, has dedicated the studio to all things from the past, and has, for example, an old pre-Beatles EMI REDD.17 valve desk from Abbey Road, which we used a lot.”

TOE RAGTIME

Toe Rag Studios was founded in 1991 by Watson (also the studio’s resident producer and engineer). The studio is almost exclusively analogue, featuring the REDD.17 desk, which dates from the mid-fifties, several tape recorders, and many vintage mics and outboard units. Toe Rag has been used by quite a few famous producers and artists, most notably The White Stripes, who recorded their 2003 album Elephant there. While Toe Rag may appear an obvious place for Levine to go to, Yvan Bing, the engineer responsible for the remarkably authentic sound of Phil Collins’ Going Back, trod an alternative path. Bing had concluded that recording the album tracks with old equipment would be so impractical as to be virtually impossible. While he did use some choice analogue outboard, most of his efforts went into lo-fi-ing his recordings during the mix, in the box, much of the time with Avid’s Lo-fi plug-in. Bing’s main weapons were his ears and endless AB-ing between the originals, and his and Collins’ new versions. In doing so, his focus was entirely on the result and not on the process. By contrast, it was arguably inevitable that Levine, with his detailed knowledge of the history of recording, would choose to engage with the original process. “I didn’t go down the route that phil collins and his engineer took,” explains levine, “because I wanted to experience how it was to record in those days. People have to remember that when those records were made they were cutting edge. People were not trying to record things badly. The reason Motown records sound distorted is because of the equipment that was used. Also, we take punching in and out for granted now, but punching in and out on an 8-track machine was horrendous, so you’d have to mark on tape, otherwise you could wipe the wrong thing.

I wanted to experience and understand the frustrations and the advantages of the process.

“Through my radio show and the original tapes that Lamont Dozier gave me I found out that in 1965, Motown built their own 8-track machines before anyone else. Stax and Atlantic had 8-track from 1967-8 onwards. The odd thing is that the moment Ampex began building 2-track machines for Les Paul, they immediately began working on an 8-track machine for him, but never made it commercially available, though you could get the parts and there was an 8-track headblock. But in the very early sixties nobody put two and two together. During that time the dominant recording format in the US was 3-track, with the vocals on the middle track and the band either side. That’s how Elvis and Sinatra were recorded. Then they developed Sel-Sync, meaning selective synchronization, which made it possible to overdub on the same machine, rather than use two machines and copy from one to the other. Lesley Gore’s 1963 hit It’s My Party was the first Sel-Sync 3-track recording. The irony was that The Beatles didn’t know about 8-track until later on. The first UK 8-track recording was Tom Jones’ Delilah in early 1968, at Decca’s studio. Out of frustration, The Beatles went to Trident studios to record Hey Jude there in mid-1968, which was their first recording on 8-track.

“One of the things I discovered when doing the Record Producers radio series, particularly in the George Martin episode, was the importance of getting everything that is recorded right, and the importance of premixing. When you listen back to the tape and you notice that the hi-hat is too loud, you can’t fix it in the mix. The drummer has to go back and play it again and hit the hi-hat less loudly. one of the negatives in today’s way of recording is that since things can be fixed in the mix, we don’t make the most of the overdubbing process. But in the past, because of limitations in the number of tracks, they had to premix the backing tracks before doing the next overdub, and the balance of that premix was important because the musicians would dynamically adjust their overdub to what they were listening to, as opposed to the mixer and producer later faking the dynamics in the mix. These sonic changes in a premix impacted the way the musicians played their overdubs. When you play a bit louder during an overdub, it will be a bit brighter and more distorted, and it’s not the same as the mixer pushing up the fader during a mix. Instead of always listening to all the other parts, we’re recording many things in isolation today, and we may have lost something in doing so.”

SEEING REDD

At Toe Rag, Levine tried to preserve and re-create some of the magic of the old days, using the studios vintage EMI REDD.17 desk, an 8-track Studer A80 with 1-inch tape, and some, er, new microphones. “We used modern versions of old microphones,” said Levine. “Don’t forget that when they used these mics originally, they were brand new. And when you use an old vintage mic today, it won’t sound like it did when it first came out of the box. I often use the ribbon microphones from Audio-Technica, which hark back to that era, and work without any of the problems. I know that they are regarded as a budget mic, but they were perfect for the job. I’m not a price snob. I’ll use whatever works, whether a $10 or a $5000 mic!

“Liam helped me with the engineering at Toe Rag, because he knows his studio really well, and he told me to bring all the mics I wanted. The drums were a completely authentic Gretsch kit from the era, and they rarely took up more than one track in that time. So I recorded the kit with my AT 4080 ribbon mic, and a second old EV bass drum mic on the bass drum, which we didn’t use, going through the EMI desk. The bass went DI via my Palmer PDI-CTC tube DI box straight to tape, because I know that at the time they also often plugged the bass directly into the desk. The guitarist used a 1965 Fender amp which was recorded with my Audio-Technica 4081, via an Altec 1567A mic pre, the piano was recorded with my Marshall MXL V77, which is a modern copy of the Neumann U67 and which I had tweaked, and an SM58.”

Until this point, Levine had followed his desire to “experience and understand the frustrations and the advantages of the process” of the late sixties. But having completed his week at Toe Rag he took a direction that was not dissimilar to the one taken by Yvan Bing with Phil Collins’ Going Back, which meant massaging the recordings in a medium called digital. Levine: “We often only had five tracks on the 8-track tape: kick, drums, guitar, bass, and piano. After we finished recording the basic tracks, I plugged XLR cables into the multitrack, connected those with my Prism Sound Orpheus A/D converter and loaded everything into Logic. The Orpheus worked really well, because it transferred exactly what was on tape. I initially tried to record at 96k, but the computer was hiccupping a bit, so I decided to go for 44.1k/24-bit. After that we added the overdubs, recording things mostly in microphone pairs, and again going via the Prism Sound Orpheus into Logic. The overdubs included percussion and handclaps, recorded with the Audio-Technica 4050 set to omni, and vibes, recorded with an AT 4080. We also added strings, recorded with just two AT 4050s – I like those mics, they are multi-pattern and very flexible – and brass, which I recorded with one AT 4080 ribbon on the trumpets and one AT 4081 ribbon on the saxophones, and backing vocals, which were again recorded with the AT 4050 mics, set on cardioid. We recorded 12 songs in total and worked quite fast – everything was done in a week. I’d like to add that the room at Toe Rag was very important, because it sounds great!”

CONVERTING TO DIGITAL

The next stage of the project saw Levine retreating to his home studio with the Logic files, where he combed over them, and also overdubbed the lead vocals. He explains, “I recorded the two lead vocalists with my AKG 820 mic, going into the Focusrite Liquid Channel, because it is a combination of a hardware mic pre with software emulation of certain mic pres and compressors – I wanted to use the emulations of old tube gear – and also using my Summit Audio TLA 100 compressor. After that it was a matter of going over everything and spending a few days on premixing, and I then took a couple of days to mix all songs. I could use similar settings for each song, because the compression and EQ on the drums and other instruments would have been similar for each song. The sonic differences between the songs were in the performances, not in the gear, and I wasn’t trying to redo everything in the mix. It wasn’t like I had blue and wanted red. If I had blue, it was because I wanted blue, though maybe a slightly darker shade of blue, but that would have been all.

“I work here between my Logic screen and the Studio Manager 2 screen, which is the graphic interface for my Yamaha DM2000 desk. My main monitors are the Yamaha MSP12 and Neumann KH120, and I also use the XKeys for easier access to certain key commands in Logic. The work on the project here was a combination of using plug-ins in my Yamaha DM2000 desk and plug-ins in the computer, with a little bit of outboard. The DM2000 has its own plugins, because it has so much DSP power, which came in very handy. I didn’t actually use that many plug-ins, mainly just things like the PSP Vintage Warmer, the UAD A800 tape emulation plug-in and the Yamaha Open Deck, which allows you to crunch the whole mix. But that was mostly it, because I spent all the time making sure the recordings were done right.

“These days many things are over-egged and sound too hi-fi and too bright. I hear about people putting 50 plug-ins on a track, and I wonder what they are trying to achieve. people are putting on endless things hoping for some magic to happen, without knowing what they want. I think it’s also a case of getting so close to something that you can hear details no-one else can. I don’t dismiss plug-ins, I love them and they certainly often sound better from a technical point of view. Instead I prefer to focus on making sure the tones of the band fit together, as I did with this project. The choices of instruments, of amplifiers, of pedals and so on all colour the sound much more effectively than plug-ins or an EQ or whatever. I was trying to make that everything remains as authentic as possible. I’ve finished mixing, and at the moment Christopher Brooke, the Audio Network mastering engineer, is doing his homework!”